Understanding telephony and Video processing


In  telephony,  a  customer's  telephone  line  now  typically  ends  at  the remote concentrator  box down the  street, where it is multiplexed along with other  telephone lines  for that  neighborhood  or other similar area.
The multiplexed signal is then carried to the  central switching office  on significantly  fewer  wires  and  for  much  further  distances  than  a customer's line can practically go. This is likewise also true for  Digital

Subscriber Lines (DSL).Fiber In The Loop  (FITL) is a common method of multiplexing, which uses  optical  fiber  as  the  backbone.  It  not  only  connects  POTS  phone lines  with  the  rest  of  the  PSTN,  but  also  replaces  DSL  by  connecting directly to ethernet wired into the  home.  Asynchronous Transfer Mode
is often the communications protocol used.Since all of the phone (and data) lines have been clumped together, none of them can be accessed except through a demultiplexer. This provides for  more-secured  communications,  though  they  are  not  typically encrypted.The concept is also now used in cable TV, which is increasingly offering the  same  services  as  telephone  companies.  IPTV  also  depends  on
multiplexing. In  video  editing  and  processing  systems,  multiplexing  refers  to  the process  of  interleaving  audio  and  video  into  one  coherent  MPEG transport stream (time-division multiplexing). In  digital  video,  such  a  transport  stream  is  normally  a  feature  of  a container  format  which  may  include  metadata  and  other  information, such  as  subtitles.  The  audio  and  video  streams  may  have  variable  bitrate. Software that produces such a transport stream and/or container is commonly  called  a  statistical  multiplexor  or  muxer.  A  demuxer  is  a software  that  extracts  or,  otherwise,  makes  available  for  separate processing the components of such a stream or container

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